A retired guy in Portland taught me the tap test for worn freehub bearings and it has not failed me once
He rolled the wheel in his hands at about 4 rpm and said the rough spot only shows up under slow load, not when you spin it fast like most of us do. Anyone else got a quick shop floor trick that beats pulling the cassette off?
The "rough spot only shows up under slow load" thing is real and I wish more people knew it. Fast spinning hides everything because the bearings never really seat under pressure at that speed. What I do is grab the axle with one hand and the rim with the other, then push and pull side to side while turning slow. You feel the grind way better than just rolling it. Also worth checking is the freehub body itself with the cassette still on, just hold the cassette and rock the wheel, any play there means the bearing is toast even if it sounds fine. Nine times out of ten the slow roll gives it away before you even touch a tool.